A Comprehensive review of Renewable-Integrated Optimization Models for Sustainable Airport Operations

Airports are increasingly recognized as critical infrastructures requiring strategic intervention to reduce carbon emissions and enhance energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive, publication-ready study on the application of mathematical optimization models for sustainable airport operations. Leveraging mixed-integer, multi-objective, and stochastic optimization techniques, the research examines pathways for integrating renewable energy, improving operational efficiency, and minimizing carbon footprints. The paper provides a structured framework suitable for real-world implementation, supported by a literature-grounded methodology, conceptual case analysis, and aligned with contemporary international sustainability directives. Findings indicate that optimization models hold significant potential for transforming airports into low-carbon, energy-resilient systems.