Hybrid Techniques for Reducing Aerodynamic Drag in Space Launch Vehicles

Abstract

Current techniques of reducing aerodynamic drag in aero-space applications are predominantly founded on single-mode. They either adopt passive approaches of shape optimization and thermal coatings or active mechanisms with plasma actuators and flow control through propulsion. But of such unitary approaches intrinsic defects in transitional and rarefied flow scenarios encountered in low Earth orbit (LEO) and at planetary entry. The purpose of the present work is the investigation of the possible of hybrid drag-reduction methods, combining passive and active systems to obtain synergistic performance improvements. A qualitative case study methodology was employed, drawing insights from the following three cross-domain scenarios: (1)Hybrid Electric Power Systems of UAVs, where the combination combustion and electric propulsion became more efficient and long-lived; (2) Road Vehicle Drag-Reduction Devices, with the successful transfer of hybrid innovations from the automotive contexts to aerospace design; and (3) Hybrid Foreshock-Control Techniques, including jet-spike, cavity-jet, and plasma-aided systems that exhibited measurable drag and aero-thermal loads in hypersonic flight scenarios. The results reveal that while hybridization has always delivered better performance in aviation and land transport, its adoption in space systems is minimally done. Significant gaps are present in material scalability, in situ adaptability, and real-world experimental validation under orbital conditions. Unlike conventional Simulation- or ideal-flow-based studies, the hybrid approach emphasizes dynamic flexibility with the ability of maximizing drag reduction, thermal protection, and structural integrity simultaneously. This study concludes that future research must target AI-driven control of adaptive hybrid surfaces and actuators and investing in experimental testing in space-like environments. Such development would facilitate sustainable spacecraft design, longer satellite lifespans, and wider planetary applications.