IoT-Enabled Automated Monitoring Systems for Grape Cultivation: Implementation, Impact, and Optimization in Nashik District, Maharashtra

Viticulture in Nashik District, India’s “Grape Capital”, faces persistent challenges in yield optimization and resource efficiency that threaten its global competitiveness. While Internet of Things (IoT) technologies offer transformative potential, their real-world efficacy in this specific context remains understudied. This study evaluates the impact of IoT-enabled automated monitoring systems by surveying 400 grape farmers across five talukas in Nashik District. Employing a comparative cross-sectional design with a paired before-after component, the research quantifies changes in agricultural outcomes. The results demonstrate a dramatic positive impact, with 97% of farmers reporting yield enhancements post-adoption. Vineyards shifted from 86.5% performing below the district average before IoT to 73.3% performing above average after implementation (Z = -17.412, p < .001). Significant resource savings were recorded, including a 24% reduction in water use and a 19% decrease in fertilizer application. However, significant implementation challenges were noted, including high initial costs (₹65,000–₹85,000 per hectare) and installation difficulties reported by 71.1% of farmers. The findings validate the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), showing strong correlations between system understanding and yield improvements, and underscore the need for a supportive ecosystem to ensure equitable and sustainable technological transformation in the region.